As this week is Transgender Week of Awareness (12th - 19th November) I felt it was a good time to bring awareness to some of the more well-known transgender scientists that changed science. Trans people have always been apart of scientific discovery but like most minorities within STEM have struggled to gain recognition for their contributions.
Alan Hart (1890–1962) |
Epidemiology
A Yale-trained epidemiologist, radiologist and physician, Hart one of the first trans men in the US to undergo a hysterectomy and live openly as a man, taking testosterone treatments when they became available after World War II. Hart also become a prominent figure in the fight against tuberculosis, which at the time was the leading cause of death in Europe and the US. He graduated with a medical degree in 1912 and later in 1928 received a master’s degree in radiology. He eventually became an expert on tubercular radiology and published several articles on X-ray medicine and its use in the detection of tuberculosis and went on to gain another master’s degree in public health in 1948.
Hart then served as the director of hospitalization and rehabilitation at the Connecticut State Tuberculosis Commission and continued to dedicate his professional life to tuberculosis research.
Ben Barres (1954 - 2017) | Neuroscience
Barres was the first openly transgender scientist in the National Academy of Sciences in 2013 and talked openly about his experience of sexism pre-transition and advocated for better gender equality within science. Barres research focused on the interaction between neurons and glial cells in the nervous system. Barres showed that the gila, which at the time were often dismissed by neurologists as simple the support structure for the brain, had important functions in helping neurons to mature and producing connections between memory and learning functions. This discovery revolutionised neruobiologists understanding of the brain.
Barres also went on to mentor many young scientists and repeatedly spoke about the systemic barriers and biases that kept marginalised groups such as women, poc and LGBT people, from succeeding or furthering their careers and research within science.
Sophie Wilson | Computer Science
Sophie Wilson is a British computer scientist who is known for designing the Acorn Micro-Computer, the first computer sold by Acorn Computers. She also designed the instruction set of ARM processor
which is used in 21st-century smartphones
and is considered one of the most important woman in tech history.
Lynn Ann Conway | Computer Science
A pioneer of a number of technological advancements and inventions, Conway is an American computer scientist, electrical engineer and inventor. She first worked at IMB in the 1960′s designing a super computer and is credited with the invention of generalised dynamic instruction handling, now used by modern computer processors in order to improve performance. She was fired after she revealed her intention to transition and was denied access to her children.
After she transitioned she restarted her career and authored the Mead & Conway revolution in VLSI design, that was considered groundbreaking work that quickly become a standard textbook in chip design.
Joan Roughgarden | Biology
known for her critical studies on Charles Darwin’s theory of sexual selection and LGBT biology, Roughgarden is an American ecologist and evolutionary biologist, having published over 180 scientific articles and books. Roughgarden has carried out ecological studies on barnacles, Caribbean lizards but is most known for her published book critiquing Darwin’s sexual selection theory based on the fact it fails to answer and consider animals which do not follow traditional sex roles of intrasexual and intersexual selection. She was met with bitter and
vitrioli criticism from other scientists for publishing such views, to which she was not surprised.
Roughgarden went on to publish a second book further pointing out over 26 phenomena which the current sexual-selection theory does not explain, and instead suggests the social-selection theory. She continues to make analytical studies that social selection is a more credible explanation.
Honorable mentions to these transgender scientists:
From 1968 to 1999 have been manufactured around 7,500 units of the K67 all around Yugoslavia. Some of them were also exported to Poland, Japan, New Zealand, Kenya, Iraq, the Soviet Union, and the United States. The system permitted unlimited configurations and variations, therefore is perfect for different types of adaptation and programs. You might find the Kiosk K67 in the collection of the Museum of Architecture and Design MAO in Ljubljana.
K67 as an installation by Marjetica Potrč in Modern Gallery Ljubljana. | Photo via Next Stop Kiosk
Kiosk K67 was also adapted for different uses, from border patrol stations, ski lift ticket booths, flower shops, to retail and fast-food stands. And after more than 50 years it is still present and becoming popular in many cities.
The first K67, which became a part of the design collection of MoMA in 1970, was at the beginning set on the 53rd Street sidewalk. It got finally its place in the museum during the MoMA exhibition Toward a Concrete Utopia: Architecture in Yugoslavia, 1948–1980as an object of mass design.
The catalogue from the exhibition Systems, Structures, Strategies in the Museum of Architecture and Design MAO, Ljubljana.
Maja Vardjan, our of the curators of the exhibition Systems, Structures, Strategiesin the Museum of Architecture and Design MAO,describes why the K67 is so persistent in many cities. She evaluates it as a piece that with “its position between architecture and industrial design, embeddedness in the framework of a modern city and society, the rituals of daily life, and, last but not least, its persistent capacity to reinvent itself.”
The reinvention fo K67 in Berlin in 2018. | Photo by Marc Brinkmeier
The ability to reinvent itself makes the kiosk fresh in many settings and configurations. Martin Ruge created a kioski in Berlin. He brought one of the K67 although the transportation was difficult and the connection with freshwater, sewage and electricity to the Mykita building took more effort than expected. But he thinks it was worth it. And freshwater, sewage and electricity shall become matter of the new design issues for K67 to solve in the future.
The metamorphosis as a constant change of shape, idea, social and political reality shaped K67 to the point that is again in use. As Maja Vardjan said, a kiosk is phenomena, always alive and never the same.
i like this video because its a relic of the Before Times, like i love the 6-second cinematography that goes into vines but sometimes we forget the value of delayed gratification
